![]() Portuguese language―Textbooks for foreign speakers―Spanish. of Com licença / Antônio Roberto Monteiro Simões (University of Texas Press, 1992). Pois não : Brazilian Portuguese course for Spanish speakers, with basic reference grammar / Antônio Roberto Monteiro Simões. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Simões, Antônio R. Box 7819 Austin, TX 78713-7819 ∞ The paper used in this book meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Ο Z39.48-1992 (R1997) (Permanence of Paper). Simões All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First edition, 2008 Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be sent to: Permissions University of Texas Press P.O. ![]() This paper further questions the development agenda posing the question whether it is poor women and children or development projects that are more vulnerable.Brazilian Portuguese Course for Spanish Speakers, with Basic Reference Grammarįor reasons of economy and speed this volume has been printed from camera-ready copy furnished by the author, who assumes full responsibility for its contents. Sylvia Chant’s ‘Exploring the feminization of Poverty in Africa, Asia and Latin America’ will also be used to explain how the victimization of women has aided to the vulnerability of poor women. Paul Farmer’s article ‘Women, Poverty and AIDS’ will be used to explore the vulnerability of women and children following the life history of Lata. The paper will link women and children’s vulnerabilities and also offer policy recommendations. This paper will explore two dimensions of poverty, looking at the impact of poverty on women’s vulnerability and how women’s portrayal as victims of poverty inhibits their agency. This paper argues that women are made vulnerable by institutional and cultural factors that constrain their agency and portray women as victims without agency and voice. While statistical information is important for us to understand the various vulnerabilities that women are going through, it is also important to look at some of the qualitative aspects that I believe have made women the face of poverty. In a world where women are falling short in literacy and economic levels in most developing countries, especially Latin America, South Asia and Africa, it is not surprising that women are found vulnerable. What usually affects the mother affects the children as well. Often in most cases where women are poor and vulnerable, it tends to trickle down to the children. Particular attention will be paid to the possible effects of masculinity studies in poverty research. Then, the work of international institutions on gender and poverty will be examined and evaluated from a critical perspective. This paper will first briefly discuss the specific history of poverty and women’s poverty in capitalism. The 1980s was also a period when developed countries and their international institutional representatives (IMF, World Bank, World Trade Organization, etc.) forced developing countries to implement neoliberal economic policies that had poverty-increasing effects. It is noteworthy that the discourse of development, which dominated the international political and economic literature after the Second World War, left its place to the discourse of poverty in the 1980s. ![]() On the other hand, the poverty discourse has become an important tool of the hierarchy (unequal power relations) between developed and underdeveloped (developing) countries in Capitalism. In this context, from a feminist perspective, poverty emerges and becomes permanent through the intersection of hierarchies between class, gender, racial and ethnic affiliations. Women and children sometimes accompanied bands of vagrants and smugglers as scouts and decoys the women also exchanged sex for some of the loot. ![]() Fuchs (2005) argues that the shortage of land and farm work pushed many off the farm and on the road in search of work. Polanyi (2001), enclosures were the revolution of the rich against the poor. Historically, since the 18th century, poverty and its gendered forms have been reproduced by capitalism and patriarchal culture. ![]()
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